fdollop |
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One problem can arise when using additive binary recoding to represent a multistate character as a series of two-state characters. Unlike the Camin-Sokal, Wagner, and Polymorphism methods, the Dollo method can reconstruct ancestral states which do not exist. An example is given in my 1979 paper. It will be necessary to check the output to make sure that this has not occurred.
The polymorphism parsimony method was first used by me, and the results published (without a clear specification of the method) by Inger (1967). The method was independently published by Farris (1978a) and by me (1979). The method assumes that we can explain the pattern of states by no more than one origination (0-->1) of state 1, followed by retention of polymorphism along as many segments of the tree as are necessary, followed by loss of state 0 or of state 1 where necessary. The program tries to minimize the total number of polymorphic characters, where each polymorphism is counted once for each segment of the tree in which it is retained.
The assumptions of the polymorphism parsimony method are in effect:
That these are the assumptions of parsimony methods has been documented in a series of papers of mine: (1973a, 1978b, 1979, 1981b, 1983b, 1988b). For an opposing view arguing that the parsimony methods make no substantive assumptions such as these, see the papers by Farris (1983) and Sober (1983a, 1983b), but also read the exchange between Felsenstein and Sober (1986).
% fdollop Dollo and polymorphism parsimony algorithm Phylip character discrete states file: dollop.dat Phylip tree file (optional): Phylip dollop program output file [dollop.fdollop]: Dollo and polymorphism parsimony algorithm, version 3.69 Adding species: 1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Gamma 4. Delta 5. Epsilon Doing global rearrangements !---------! ......... ......... Output written to file "dollop.fdollop" Trees also written onto file "dollop.treefile" |
Go to the input files for this example
Go to the output files for this example
Dollo and polymorphism parsimony algorithm Version: EMBOSS:6.4.0.0 Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers: [-infile] discretestates File containing one or more data sets [-intreefile] tree Phylip tree file (optional) [-outfile] outfile [*.fdollop] Phylip dollop program output file Additional (Optional) qualifiers (* if not always prompted): -weights properties Phylip weights file (optional) -ancfile properties Ancestral states file -method menu [d] Parsimony method (Values: d (Dollo); p (Polymorphism)) * -njumble integer [0] Number of times to randomise (Integer 0 or more) * -seed integer [1] Random number seed between 1 and 32767 (must be odd) (Integer from 1 to 32767) -threshold float [$(infile.discretesize)] Threshold value (Number 0.000 or more) -[no]trout toggle [Y] Write out trees to tree file * -outtreefile outfile [*.fdollop] Phylip tree output file (optional) -printdata boolean [N] Print data at start of run -[no]progress boolean [Y] Print indications of progress of run -[no]treeprint boolean [Y] Print out tree -ancseq boolean [N] Print states at all nodes of tree -stepbox boolean [N] Print out steps in each character Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers: (none) Associated qualifiers: "-outfile" associated qualifiers -odirectory3 string Output directory "-outtreefile" associated qualifiers -odirectory string Output directory General qualifiers: -auto boolean Turn off prompts -stdout boolean Write first file to standard output -filter boolean Read first file from standard input, write first file to standard output -options boolean Prompt for standard and additional values -debug boolean Write debug output to program.dbg -verbose boolean Report some/full command line options -help boolean Report command line options and exit. More information on associated and general qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose -warning boolean Report warnings -error boolean Report errors -fatal boolean Report fatal errors -die boolean Report dying program messages -version boolean Report version number and exit |
Qualifier | Type | Description | Allowed values | Default | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers | ||||||||
[-infile] (Parameter 1) |
discretestates | File containing one or more data sets | Discrete states file | |||||
[-intreefile] (Parameter 2) |
tree | Phylip tree file (optional) | Phylogenetic tree | |||||
[-outfile] (Parameter 3) |
outfile | Phylip dollop program output file | Output file | <*>.fdollop | ||||
Additional (Optional) qualifiers | ||||||||
-weights | properties | Phylip weights file (optional) | Property value(s) | |||||
-ancfile | properties | Ancestral states file | Property value(s) | |||||
-method | list | Parsimony method |
|
d | ||||
-njumble | integer | Number of times to randomise | Integer 0 or more | 0 | ||||
-seed | integer | Random number seed between 1 and 32767 (must be odd) | Integer from 1 to 32767 | 1 | ||||
-threshold | float | Threshold value | Number 0.000 or more | $(infile.discretesize) | ||||
-[no]trout | toggle | Write out trees to tree file | Toggle value Yes/No | Yes | ||||
-outtreefile | outfile | Phylip tree output file (optional) | Output file | <*>.fdollop | ||||
-printdata | boolean | Print data at start of run | Boolean value Yes/No | No | ||||
-[no]progress | boolean | Print indications of progress of run | Boolean value Yes/No | Yes | ||||
-[no]treeprint | boolean | Print out tree | Boolean value Yes/No | Yes | ||||
-ancseq | boolean | Print states at all nodes of tree | Boolean value Yes/No | No | ||||
-stepbox | boolean | Print out steps in each character | Boolean value Yes/No | No | ||||
Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers | ||||||||
(none) | ||||||||
Associated qualifiers | ||||||||
"-outfile" associated outfile qualifiers | ||||||||
-odirectory3 -odirectory_outfile |
string | Output directory | Any string | |||||
"-outtreefile" associated outfile qualifiers | ||||||||
-odirectory | string | Output directory | Any string | |||||
General qualifiers | ||||||||
-auto | boolean | Turn off prompts | Boolean value Yes/No | N | ||||
-stdout | boolean | Write first file to standard output | Boolean value Yes/No | N | ||||
-filter | boolean | Read first file from standard input, write first file to standard output | Boolean value Yes/No | N | ||||
-options | boolean | Prompt for standard and additional values | Boolean value Yes/No | N | ||||
-debug | boolean | Write debug output to program.dbg | Boolean value Yes/No | N | ||||
-verbose | boolean | Report some/full command line options | Boolean value Yes/No | Y | ||||
-help | boolean | Report command line options and exit. More information on associated and general qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose | Boolean value Yes/No | N | ||||
-warning | boolean | Report warnings | Boolean value Yes/No | Y | ||||
-error | boolean | Report errors | Boolean value Yes/No | Y | ||||
-fatal | boolean | Report fatal errors | Boolean value Yes/No | Y | ||||
-die | boolean | Report dying program messages | Boolean value Yes/No | Y | ||||
-version | boolean | Report version number and exit | Boolean value Yes/No | N |
These programs are intended for the use of morphological systematists who are dealing with discrete characters, or by molecular evolutionists dealing with presence-absence data on restriction sites. One of the programs (PARS) allows multistate characters, with up to 8 states, plus the unknown state symbol "?". For the others, the characters are assumed to be coded into a series of (0,1) two-state characters. For most of the programs there are two other states possible, "P", which stands for the state of Polymorphism for both states (0 and 1), and "?", which stands for the state of ignorance: it is the state "unknown", or "does not apply". The state "P" can also be denoted by "B", for "both".
There is a method invented by Sokal and Sneath (1963) for linear sequences of character states, and fully developed for branching sequences of character states by Kluge and Farris (1969) for recoding a multistate character into a series of two-state (0,1) characters. Suppose we had a character with four states whose character-state tree had the rooted form:
1 ---> 0 ---> 2 | | V 3
so that 1 is the ancestral state and 0, 2 and 3 derived states. We can represent this as three two-state characters:
Old State New States --- ----- --- ------ 0 001 1 000 2 011 3 101
The three new states correspond to the three arrows in the above character state tree. Possession of one of the new states corresponds to whether or not the old state had that arrow in its ancestry. Thus the first new state corresponds to the bottommost arrow, which only state 3 has in its ancestry, the second state to the rightmost of the top arrows, and the third state to the leftmost top arrow. This coding will guarantee that the number of times that states arise on the tree (in programs MIX, MOVE, PENNY and BOOT) or the number of polymorphic states in a tree segment (in the Polymorphism option of DOLLOP, DOLMOVE, DOLPENNY and DOLBOOT) will correctly correspond to what would have been the case had our programs been able to take multistate characters into account. Although I have shown the above character state tree as rooted, the recoding method works equally well on unrooted multistate characters as long as the connections between the states are known and contain no loops.
However, in the default option of programs DOLLOP, DOLMOVE, DOLPENNY and DOLBOOT the multistate recoding does not necessarily work properly, as it may lead the program to reconstruct nonexistent state combinations such as 010. An example of this problem is given in my paper on alternative phylogenetic methods (1979).
If you have multistate character data where the states are connected in a branching "character state tree" you may want to do the binary recoding yourself. Thanks to Christopher Meacham, the package contains a program, FACTOR, which will do the recoding itself. For details see the documentation file for FACTOR.
We now also have the program PARS, which can do parsimony for unordered character states.
5 6 Alpha 110110 Beta 110000 Gamma 100110 Delta 001001 Epsilon 001110 |
If the user selects menu option 5, a table is printed out after each tree, showing for each branch whether there are known to be changes in the branch, and what the states are inferred to have been at the top end of the branch. If the inferred state is a "?" there may be multiple equally-parsimonious assignments of states; the user must work these out for themselves by hand.
If the A option is used, then the program will infer, for any character whose ancestral state is unknown ("?") whether the ancestral state 0 or 1 will give the best tree. If these are tied, then it may not be possible for the program to infer the state in the internal nodes, and these will all be printed as ".". If this has happened and you want to know more about the states at the internal nodes, you will find helpful to use DOLMOVE to display the tree and examine its interior states, as the algorithm in DOLMOVE shows all that can be known in this case about the interior states, including where there is and is not amibiguity. The algorithm in DOLLOP gives up more easily on displaying these states.
If the U (User Tree) option is used and more than one tree is supplied, the program also performs a statistical test of each of these trees against the best tree. This test, which is a version of the test proposed by Alan Templeton (1983) and evaluated in a test case by me (1985a). It is closely parallel to a test using log likelihood differences invented by Kishino and Hasegawa (1989), and uses the mean and variance of step differences between trees, taken across characters. If the mean is more than 1.96 standard deviations different then the trees are declared significantly different. The program prints out a table of the steps for each tree, the differences of each from the highest one, the variance of that quantity as determined by the step differences at individual characters, and a conclusion as to whether that tree is or is not significantly worse than the best one. It is important to understand that the test assumes that all the binary characters are evolving independently, which is unlikely to be true for many suites of morphological characters.
If there are more than two trees, the test done is an extension of the KHT test, due to Shimodaira and Hasegawa (1999). They pointed out that a correction for the number of trees was necessary, and they introduced a resampling method to make this correction. In the version used here the variances and covariances of the sums of steps across characters are computed for all pairs of trees. To test whether the difference between each tree and the best one is larger than could have been expected if they all had the same expected number of steps, numbers of steps for all trees are sampled with these covariances and equal means (Shimodaira and Hasegawa's "least favorable hypothesis"), and a P value is computed from the fraction of times the difference between the tree's value and the lowest number of steps exceeds that actually observed. Note that this sampling needs random numbers, and so the program will prompt the user for a random number seed if one has not already been supplied. With the two-tree KHT test no random numbers are used.
In either the KHT or the SH test the program prints out a table of the number of steps for each tree, the differences of each from the lowest one, the variance of that quantity as determined by the differences of the numbers of steps at individual characters, and a conclusion as to whether that tree is or is not significantly worse than the best one.
If option 6 is left in its default state the trees found will be written to a tree file, so that they are available to be used in other programs. If the program finds multiple trees tied for best, all of these are written out onto the output tree file. Each is followed by a numerical weight in square brackets (such as [0.25000]). This is needed when we use the trees to make a consensus tree of the results of bootstrapping or jackknifing, to avoid overrepresenting replicates that find many tied trees.
Dollo and polymorphism parsimony algorithm, version 3.69 Dollo parsimony method One most parsimonious tree found: +-----------Delta --3 ! +--------Epsilon +--4 ! +-----Gamma +--2 ! +--Beta +--1 +--Alpha requires a total of 3.000 |
(Delta,(Epsilon,(Gamma,(Beta,Alpha)))); |
Program name | Description |
---|---|
eclique | Largest clique program |
edollop | Dollo and polymorphism parsimony algorithm |
edolpenny | Penny algorithm Dollo or polymorphism |
efactor | Multistate to binary recoding program |
emix | Mixed parsimony algorithm |
epenny | Penny algorithm, branch-and-bound |
fclique | Largest clique program |
fdolpenny | Penny algorithm Dollo or polymorphism |
ffactor | Multistate to binary recoding program |
fmix | Mixed parsimony algorithm |
fmove | Interactive mixed method parsimony |
fpars | Discrete character parsimony |
fpenny | Penny algorithm, branch-and-bound |
Please report all bugs to the EMBOSS bug team (emboss-bug © emboss.open-bio.org) not to the original author.
Converted (August 2004) to an EMBASSY program by the EMBOSS team.